An autoimmune disorder that primarily attacks the optic nerves and spinal cord, often misdiagnosed as MS.
✦ AI summary
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is a rare, disabling autoimmune condition that attacks the central nervous system, most often linked to antibodies against a protein called aquaporin-4 (AQP4), though some patients test negative for known antibodies ("double-negative" NMOSD), which tends to be highly relapsing and disabling [3]. Relapses matter a lot for long-term outcomes: research from Thailand found that people with more prior relapses recovered less completely and had greater disability afterward, and getting steroid treatment early after a relapse was linked to better recovery [12].
On treatment, a long-term trial of the drug ravulizumab (which blocks part of the immune system called complement) found it dramatically reduced relapse risk over several years in AQP4-antibody-positive patients, with side effects mostly mild, though rare serious infections occurred [2]. For double-negative NMOSD, ongoing immune-suppressing treatment also reduced relapse rates, though improvement in disability was less certain than in other related conditions like MOGAD [3]. In some regions, plasma exchange (a blood-filtering treatment) is increasingly used for NMOSD and related neuro-imm
This is an AI-generated summary of the sources below — not medical advice. Always talk to a doctor or pharmacist about your own situation.
Long-Term Ravulizumab Efficacy and Safety in AQP4 Antibody-Positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: Final CHAMPION-NMOSD Results.
Ravulizumab, a complement component 5 inhibitor, was approved for the treatment of adults with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positive (AQP4-Ab+) neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) based on results of the primary treatment period (PTP) of CHAMPION-NMOSD, a phase 3, open-label, external placeb…
Double-Negative Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe condition usually associated with aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies. A clinical presentation suggestive of NMOSD can also be associated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies (MOGAD). NMOSD can be diagnosed in the absence of a…
Comment on "Efficacy and safety of conventional immunosuppressant therapies in elderly patients with Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A target trial emulation study".
Embolization of spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding fed by aneurysmal arc of Bühler: Case report and technical considerations.
The arc of Bühler (AOB) is a rare embryonic anastomosis between the celiac artery and the superior mesenteric artery, which may become a crucial collateral pathway in cases of celiac axis stenosis. We report a challenging case of a 70-year-old woman presenting with hemorrhagic shock owing to a bleed…
Comparative immunopathology and clinical features of MOGAD and AQP4-IgG NMOSD in children: A scoping review.
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a distinct immune-mediated demyelinating central nervous system disorder, frequently presenting as optic neuritis in children and adolescents. Conversely, aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (…
Brain network alterations in autoimmune diseases: Current status and future prospects.
Autoimmune diseases are frequently associated with neurological and cognitive dysfunction. Advances in neuroimaging and graph theory-based connectomics have enabled investigation of large-scale brain network alterations across autoimmune conditions. This review synthesizes structural and functional…
Update on the Incidence of Paediatric Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease, Aquaporin-4 Antibody-Positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder, and Other Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes in the Netherlands, 2017-2025, Including the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) in children include multiple sclerosis (MS), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), aquaporin 4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4+ NMOSD), and other seronegative disorders. We previously reported an…
Current landscape of pediatric optic neuritis management in India: A clinical practice survey.
To understand the practice patterns in the management of pediatric optic neuritis in India and detect the gaps in evaluation and management. An online survey-based study questionnaire was shared among ophthalmologists in the last quarter of 2024. The questionnaire included questions pertaining to th…